Dehua County is located in the central part of Fujian Province and northwest of Quanzhou City. It administers 18 townships and 202 villages (communities) with an area of ​​2,232 square kilometers and a population of 316,000. The territory is rich in mountains, water feet, rich in minerals, and beautiful in porcelain. It is known as the treasure house in the middle of the country. Ceramic production has a long history and is one of the birthplaces of China's ceramic culture. It was once known as “China's three ancient porcelain capitals†with Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Fuling in Hunan. As the typical representative of the folk kiln, Dehua kiln plays an important role in the development of the Chinese National Kiln. Dehua has a long history of porcelain making. As early as the Neolithic Age, there were printing pottery pottery. Archaeologists collected stone axe, stone spear and printed pottery tablets in many Neolithic sites in Dehua.
In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Dehua porcelain industry began to develop, and the first complete ceramic monograph "The Pottery Law" appeared.
Since entering the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the porcelain making process has adopted the rotation, die-printing and tire-joining technology. The dragon kiln and the “chicken kiln†have been used to mass-produce various kinds of porcelain. The ceramic industry has begun to take shape, and Dehua porcelain has flooded into the international market. It has been sold overseas and became one of the most important trade products of the Maritime Silk Road. In the Yuan Dynasty, the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo mentioned in the book "The Marco Polo Travels": Dehua near the port of the thorns (Quanzhou) "made bowls and magnets, both beautiful and beautiful." According to the census of the past 40 years, Dehua County has discovered 239 ancient porcelain kiln sites since the Western Zhou Dynasty, and 6 ancient pottery kiln sites. The kiln sites are located in various towns and towns of Dehua County. The ancient kiln site of the Qudou Palace excavated in 1976. The kiln base is 57.10 meters long and 1.40-2.95 meters wide. There are 17 in total. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Dehua porcelain products were mainly made of green and white porcelain. They were mainly used for daily necessities in foreign countries. The main types of dishes were bowls, plates, stoves, boxes, pots, and military holdings. These porcelains are elegant in shape, glazed and radiant, and moist as jade.
In the Ming Dynasty, it was another peak period of Dehua kiln ceramic production. The white porcelain burned in Dehua kiln is famous in the world. Its glaze color is pure, the glaze is crystal clear, and the milky white is like ivory. It is beautiful, it is beautiful, representing the white at that time. The highest level of porcelain production is the nickname of "ivory white" and "luck white", and the west is called "Blanc de chine", which is known as "the treasure of oriental art" and "the top of Chinese porcelain." and also". In the Ming Dynasty, it was the most prosperous period of Dehua kiln porcelain and plastic art. A large number of porcelain and plastic masters represented by He Chaozong, Zhang Shoushan, Lin Chaojing and Chen Wei pushed the art of Dehua kiln to a predecessor. Their porcelain sculptures are regarded as "the only treasures in the world" and have the reputation of "the world is common treasure."
After entering the Qing Dynasty, Dehua Ceramics entered its heyday and developed varieties of underglaze blue and white, glazed multicolored and colored glaze. Blue and white porcelain replaced white glazed porcelain to become the mainstream of Dehua kiln production. The kiln site was distributed throughout Dehua County. A gratifying sight of "a cage of white porcelain and a box of silver." According to the cultural relics survey, there are 177 blue-and-white kiln sites in Dehua County, which is the highest peak of the number of kiln sites since the ages. Dehua Blue and White Porcelain is sold to all parts of China and Southeast Asia and African countries. The Qing Dynasty poet Zheng Chengcai's "Kilns" poem depicts the grand occasion of exporting porcelain at that time: "The shoulders of the market are gathered, and the peaks are piled up. The price is doubled. It is not afraid of livelihood, but I hope to pass the tide." Dehua kiln blue-and-white porcelain is rich in its decorative motifs, its composition is simple and stretched, the brushwork is unrestrained, the style is simple and generous, and so on. The favor of foreign collectors.
During the Republic of China, due to years of war and disasters, the production of Dehua porcelain was in turmoil, the ceramic market was declining, and the porcelain industry was getting worse and worse. There was no such thing as the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Despite this, there are also many exquisite works in the porcelain of the Dehua Kiln. The old artist of the porcelain carving Su Xuejin, the three brothers of the porcelain carving artist Xu Youyi, and the artist of the color painting Zheng Shaotao were the best at that time. In 1930, Xu Youyi carved the "Five hundred Arhats" porcelain sculptures carefully carved by the Xianyou Longji Temple. Created a new record of ancient and modern series of porcelain carvings. After the founding of New China, Dehua Porcelain was reborn, traditional porcelain sculptures reappeared, and the ivory white reproduction in the Ming Dynasty was successful. The white porcelain, high white porcelain and porcelain carvings were praised as the "three golden flowers" of modern Chinese porcelain. .
Analysis of the status quo: reform and opening up
Reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, Dehua County has given priority to the development of the ceramic industry as a pillar industry, giving priority to leadership, policy, capital, talent, technology, information, etc., so that traditional skills and natural resources advantages With organic integration, the ceramic industry has been cultivated, developed and expanded, and the total production and export output value have been continuously expanded, and a ceramic industry cluster has been initially formed. According to the development idea of ​​“traditional porcelain carving, daily use of craft ceramics, and art of daily-use ceramicsâ€, the types of ceramics are continuously developed. In accordance with the principle of “inheriting tradition and innovating developmentâ€, red glaze porcelain, glazed porcelain, crystal porcelain, red earth pottery, underglaze pottery, light porcelain, low temperature porcelain, medium temperature porcelain, precision ceramics, jade porcelain, etc. have been developed. New varieties such as enamel bone china. The application field continues to expand. While vigorously developing export-oriented porcelain, it has introduced preferential policies for the production of high-end daily-use porcelain enterprises to purchase production equipment, and vigorously develop daily-use, half-day porcelain and process-use porcelain, and daily-use ceramics industry clusters. Named "China's top 100 industrial clusters." The total production and export output value continued to expand. In 2011, the county's total industrial output value was 16.568 billion yuan, of which the ceramic output value was 10.851 billion yuan, and the export delivery value was 8.08 billion yuan, of which the self-operated export value reached 200 million US dollars, and the ceramic enterprises reached 1400. A number of employees, more than 100,000 people, initially formed a ceramic industry cluster.
Since the 1980s, Dehua's private ceramics enterprises have developed rapidly, and their ceramic innovation capabilities have been continuously improved. Red earth pottery, underglaze color pottery, light ceramics, rare earth ecological ceramics, nano ceramics, heat-resistant ceramics, precision ceramics, etc. have been developed. The new products form the ceramic production pattern of traditional porcelain carving, export craft porcelain and daily-use porcelain. With its unique style and strong vitality, Dehua Ceramics stands out in the same industry in China and has become China's largest production and export base of process ceramics. The ceramic industry has also become the pillar industry of Dehua County.
Traditional porcelain sculpture: As early as the Ming Dynasty, porcelain sculpture has become a unique craft. Inheriting and developing the traditional techniques of “speaking and freehand brushworkâ€, using the techniques of washing, pinching, carving, sculpt, engraving, molding, scraping and cutting, the high-quality raw materials and exquisite skills are integrated into one, so that the porcelain sculptures have both forms and spirits. The color is clear, contains a beautiful and healthy artistic conception, gives people a feeling of beauty, and has a unique style. Dehua porcelain carvings are widely available in a wide variety of styles, such as modern, historical, and mythological subjects. There are many kinds of animals, flowers, birds, bonsai, and flower baskets, and they have strong artistic charm.
Export craft porcelain: According to the different artistic styles and folk customs of different countries in the world, since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Dehua kiln has been exported a lot, including Christmas, Halloween, Easter, etc., as well as home, garden and other series. It is rich in connotation and diverse in form, and it can be called the history of concentrated western arts and crafts.
Daily porcelain: As the name suggests, it refers to the essential porcelain for daily life. Dehua kiln daily porcelain mainly includes tableware, tea sets, lamps, etc. The tires are white, delicate, pure and moist, and the decoration techniques are diverse. Whether it is clean and moist white porcelain, glaze color, glaze color, underglaze color and color glaze Porcelain, combining practicality and artistry, is noble and elegant.
The development of the ceramic industry has driven the flow of people, logistics and capital to the urban areas. The agglomeration effect of Dachengguan is obvious, and the action of radiation belts is enhanced. First, tourism development presents a new atmosphere. With the development of the ceramic economy, the reputation of Dehua Ceramics has risen, and the ceramic culture tourism has also risen. Second, the real estate industry is developing steadily. The concentration of urban population has increased the supply of commercial housing, affordable housing, and low-rent housing. The old housing trading market is active, and real estate services such as consulting, evaluation, brokerage, decoration and decoration have been developed. Third, the transportation industry is developing rapidly. Since Dehua is located in the mountains, and ceramics need to be exported overseas through the port, the transportation industry has developed rapidly.
Basic experience: inheritance and development promote each other
The basic experience of the development of Dehua Ceramics is that it develops in inheritance and inherits in development. Its inheritance form is mainly:
I. Cultural heritage
Dehua is one of the three ancient porcelain capitals in China. The ceramic culture has a long history and deep accumulation. From the production of printed pottery to the formation of Dehua kiln, it has gone through thousands of years. Dehua Kiln is the carrier of Dehua Ceramic Culture. It was formed in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Celadon in the Tang Dynasty, Qingbai porcelain in the Song Dynasty, shadow celadon and black glazed porcelain, Qingbai porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty, white porcelain produced in the Ming and Qing dynasties, known as "China White", is actually "national porcelain". At this time, blue-and-white porcelain and colored porcelain have also entered a heyday. In 1999, the ancient ship “Taixing†discovered in the South China Sea salvaged 350,000 pieces of Dehua blue and white porcelain. With the continuous improvement of porcelain quality, the porcelain carving technique is also exquisite. The Ming Dynasty porcelain sacred He Chaozong is the master of porcelain carving in Dehua. The Guanyin he carved is known as the “Oriental Venusâ€. Nowadays, Dehua's masters of porcelain carvings have used the techniques of washing, pinching, carving, sculpt, engraving, molding, scraping and cutting, which have been handed down by He, and carved into various vivid works of art. In 1915, Dehua porcelain master Su Xuejin's plum blossom porcelain sculpture won the gold medal at the Panama International Fair and won the honor for China. Dehua white porcelain is known for its clean, delicate, warm and elegant, crystal clear, and is known as the "crown of Chinese white porcelain".
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Dehua Ceramics was reborn, and the ceramic art has shown great vitality. It has become China's export technology porcelain production and export base. Famous porcelain varieties are constantly emerging, and the art of porcelain carvings is advancing by leaps and bounds. In the domestic and international art sculptures, the gold medals are won. The works of a group of porcelain masters such as Su Qinghe, Ke Hongrong and Chen Renhai were permanently collected by the National Museum, the Palace Museum, the Chinese History Museum and the Great Hall of the People. Many porcelain carvings have become a gift for the country’s leaders during their visit. Dehua has become the largest ceramic art industry base in the country with the most advanced technology, the fastest development and the strongest stamina. In 1993, Li Peng, the then prime minister, was pleased to mention the inscription of “Dehua Famous Porcelain and Porcelain Pearlâ€. Since 1996, the Development Research Center of the State Council and other units have been awarded the honorary titles of “Hometown of Chinese Ceramicsâ€, “Hometown of Chinese Ceramic Artâ€, “China Ceramics Dehua†and “China Ceramics Historical and Cultural City†in Dehua County.
Second, the inheritance of skills
Dehua County is extremely rich in mineral deposits. More than 40 mineral deposits have been discovered. The kaolin, porcelain stone, purple sand, chalk, limestone, potassium feldspar, pyrophyllite, silica, clay, quartz stone, etc. related to ceramic production have large reserves and good quality. Among them, 92 mineral deposits and 127 mineral deposits have been discovered, with a total reserve of more than 100 million tons. The porcelain clay has excellent quality, contains less impurities such as iron and titanium, and is white and delicate, which provides abundant resource conditions for the ceramic industry. Dehua County has more water and sufficient water and energy for ceramic production. Dehua is one of the important producing areas of white porcelain in the world. Dehua's white porcelain has the title of “China Whiteâ€, “World White Porcelain Sees China, Chinese White Porcelain Sees Dehuaâ€, its craft is exquisite and unique, porcelain is white and hard, elegant in appearance, bright in color, and is China's splendid The essence of national culture and art.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, the intelligent Dehua people have been cultivating traditions, constantly innovating and revitalizing the glory of Quanzhou Port's “Maritime Silk Roadâ€. The ceramic industry has entered a new era of development and successfully restored. In the Ming Dynasty, the "ivory white" developed a new porcelain variety of white and yellow, named "Jianbai" ("Fujian white porcelain"). Dehua's ceramic art has also been greatly developed. It has opened up a new picture of ceramics research and development, and has successively developed hundreds of high-white porcelain, gemstone yellow, Yingyu porcelain, jade white porcelain, pattern porcelain, pine and cypress porcelain. Kind of, for the excellent Dehua porcelain sculpture designers to provide a wealth of creative materials resources. At the same time, Dehua's traditional craftsmanship was inherited in the hands of Dehua Porcelain, and it continued to develop with the development of porcelain and the progress of the times. On the basis of inheriting the traditional crafts, Dehua people have carried out innovations and breakthroughs. The production technology is exquisite, the variety of porcelain carvings is numerous, the style is rich and colorful, and the era of Dehua ceramics is blooming.
Four innovations: composition material craftsmanship
Dehua kiln porcelain carvings are famous for shaping characters, the characters are vivid, the clothes are simple, the lines are smooth, the superb sculpture skills, the unique pure porcelain and the elegant and lovely shape are unique in China's porcelain carving art garden. The figure porcelain carving is the most representative product of Dehua kiln. In order to reflect the unique material of Dehua porcelain, most of the Dehua kiln porcelain people use various production methods around the unique material sense, but each kind of production method Adopted, in order to reflect the beauty of Dehua porcelain soil, on this, we will pay attention to the overall shape of the characters, emphasizing the in-depth portrayal of the inner world of the characters, achieving the effect of being static and moving, and giving the works a strong infection. force. In general, the expression techniques of Dehua porcelain sculptures focus on the use of “lineâ€, highlighting the expressive power of “line†and paying attention to the ups and downs of “lineâ€. In the three-dimensional sculpture, the "line" as the main expression technique is the outstanding feature of Dehua ceramic sculpture. With the advent of new materials and the transformation of new kiln furnaces, there is a “grain porcelain†shaped by “faceâ€. It pays attention to the whole and the lines are concise. The lines of the patterns are used to enrich and decorate the works, and the works are partially The face, etc., is characterized accurately and nuanced, making the overall composition novel and powerful. "Piece Porcelain" is expressed by freehand brushwork. It pursues the combination of large-scale freehand and partial realistic, better embodying the unity of materials and production techniques: shaping the spirit and the situation with the overall form, and shaping the situation with realistic details. The texture changes in the "face" and the detailed expressions complement each other. The texture of each piece of "Piece Porcelain" works is different, showing its uniqueness and preciousness. In addition, the “fibres firing method†that has emerged in recent years has added more brilliance to Dehua Porcelain. It utilizes the combination of Dehua's high-quality translucent materials and rare earths to decorate the costume simulation based on the traditional realism of Dehua. The author chooses the theme that suits this production technique to express the surface texture effect of the material. The different colors of the costumes are derived from the blending of rare earths, the inner and outer layers and the color of the costumes. Under the mutual opposition of the white porcelain of the characters, the fine lines created by the surface of the garments properly reflect the various textures. The clothing materials, the dynamic texture of the clothes produced by the characters are reasonably vivid, and the final effect is vivid, and it is difficult for the viewer to distinguish whether it is ceramic or clothing fabric. In addition, the theme chosen by the producers is to reflect the production method of "fibre burning method", so the produced works have stronger visual effects and are more in line with the aesthetics of the times.
The traditional craftsmanship with complex and very fluent craftsmanship, the “grain porcelain†and the “special art thin porcelain†complement each other, and the unique materials and creative techniques of Dehua are vividly displayed. Some of the surface error phenomena that appear in these production processes have formed another way of expression because of their unique effects, and a new production method has been created for the results of their continued research: “Songbai Porcelainâ€. This is also because the Dehua porcelain plastic material is white and delicate, and the plasticity of the porcelain clay is poor. In the process of printing, due to the unevenness between the artificial pressure and the mold, it is easy to produce fine lines on the porcelain plastic surface. The traditional printing process should be filled and trimmed on the wet embryo after this step, so that the surface is neat and smooth, and the filling is required to be very serious and meticulous, otherwise it is easy to appear bubbles or porcelain in the firing. Cracking. However, "Songbai Porcelain" is the use of this natural error pattern, using the different principles of wet and dry parts of porcelain clay, intentionally turning the texture into a decorative manufacturing method, thus creating a small layer on the surface of a complete piece of work. The grain groove, and then select the appropriate color rare earth according to the artistic appearance and the theme of the work, fill in the small grain groove, and then scrub the surface with water. During the scrubbing process, the color rare earth flowing into the fine lines of the concave area cannot be wiped off, and after the firing is successful, a natural decorative effect is created. This effect is novel and natural, just like the texture of the bark of the cypress tree, so it is named "Songbai Porcelain". The works made by this method combine the natural texture, the rare earth color and the white porcelain on the surface of some areas to match each other and achieve a seamless effect. Although it does not have the traditional porcelain carvings, it uses the simple porcelain plastic beauty and the natural grain production method to achieve the perfect combination of the material's natural and idealistic unity, overall and detailed depiction.
Dehua's current ceramic production technology is in a state of “inheriting traditional craftsmanship and not accepting external nutritionâ€, absorbing the modeling methods of Western sculptures and incorporating the craftsmanship of modern ceramics. . With the diversification of ceramics manufacturing technology and the entry of a large number of modern new materials, modern ceramics production methods using various new materials to make distinctive porcelain and plastics also appeared in Dehua kiln. Most of them are the crystallization of new materials and new equipment. They combine the creative beauty of ceramic art itself with the traditional German kiln production techniques. On this basis, they have explored and tried and gained certain experience. The development and entry of new materials has opened up a broader road for the ceramic creation of Dehua Kiln. The kiln series products of various materials such as red porcelain and open crystals have been developed and put into production. Whether in process technology or artistic creation design, Dehua kiln has been improved and expanded, not only producing a large number of high-quality export craft porcelain and daily-use porcelain, but also many outstanding art ceramic works. Especially since the reform and opening up, the ceramic production of Dehua kiln has been greatly developed. The whole ceramic art creation has presented a brand-new appearance and has received attention and praise at home and abroad. In the past, in the future, in the future, Dehua kiln will continue to advance and strive to create new glory.
Mode of operation: the government set up a company to sing
Now Dehua ceramic products have been sold to more than 190 countries and regions around the world. After years of continuous exploration, Dehua Porcelain has not only done a good job in export sales, but also has a path of decentralization. In accordance with the idea of ​​"consolidating Southeast Asia, expanding Europe and the United States, and advancing into domestic and international metropolises", encourage enterprises to expand exports. On the one hand, the exhibition economy continues to develop. The county government allocates special funds every year to cover the expenses of exhibition expenses such as transportation fees, booth fees, advertising and advertising fees, and organizes enterprises to Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Xi'an, Jinan, Nanning, Harbin, Chengdu, Hong Kong. In the large and medium-sized cities or regions such as Kinmen and Taiwan, the Dehua Famous Porcelain Exhibition (sales and sales) will be held, and more than 100 famous exhibitions (sales) meetings such as the Canton Fair, China International Trade Fair, Trade Fair, and Tianjin Fair will be organized. Dehua Ceramics Museum was established. Organize enterprises to participate in internationally renowned exhibitions in New York, Birmingham, France, Frankfurt, Italy, Milan, Japan and other places. On the other hand, the marketing network is constantly improving. New ceramic street, ceramics exhibition and city, ceramic museum and other windows have been built to accelerate the pace of international ceramic art city construction. At present, nearly 1,000 ceramic enterprises have joined the Internet to develop e-commerce. Five companies have set up branches or offices in the United States and Germany, and have more than 160 self-operated import and export enterprises, becoming the top ten key export counties (cities) in Fujian Province. One of the largest production and export bases for craft porcelain in the country.
Through the government set up, the way the company sings, guides the company to go out and invite good dealers. Every year, we set up distribution outlets such as China Ceramics Dehua Ceramics Marketing Center in 10 different large and medium-sized cities in China, and have established more than 20,000 ceramic distribution outlets.
Dehua Ceramics has been continuously developed through the efforts of generations of Dehua people, but there are still quite a few difficulties. Although the global economy has recovered, the global consumption level has not fully recovered. As an outward-looking Dehua ceramic, it has been greatly affected, and ceramic exports are still quite unstable. Changes in exchange rates, appreciation of the renminbi and other factors have an impact on the export of Dehua Ceramics. The pace of industrial transformation and upgrading is slow. The core competitiveness of the enterprise is not strong, it is unable to seize the high-end link, the profit margin is small, and the enterprise management methods are generally extensive, the technical equipment is still backward, and the funds for transformation and upgrading are limited. The advantages of industrial clusters have not been fully realized. There is no effective alliance between enterprises, and the division of labor and cooperation is not tight, which increases production and operation costs and weakens the competitive advantage of the industry.
In the future, Dehua County will focus on building “China Porcelain Valley†and drive “Cultural Creativity, Technology Innovation, Brand Management†to promote the transformation and upgrading of ceramic industry, and vigorously develop industrial ceramics, high-grade daily-use porcelain and hotel porcelain. And jewelry ceramics, functional ceramics, etc., focus on cultivating ceramic exhibition economy, small headquarters economy, launching the "China Ceramics Dehua" brand, and strive to create a world porcelain art city.
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