Mycotoxins research has been a hot topic since the 1960s, and the World Mycotoxin Symposium and the American Mycotoxin Committee have provided us with a wealth of information. China is lagging behind in the field of mycotoxin research, and China's feed industry and aquaculture industry are seriously inadequately aware of mycotoxins. This lack of understanding has led to many inefficient or ineffective products in the Chinese market. Consumers do not achieve the purpose of removing toxins after use, and may be secondary to suppression of the immune system, leading to the outbreak of infectious diseases. For example, in developed countries and the World Health Organization, aflatoxin is the most harmful toxin. In China, many companies use the difference in the concentration of toxins naturally, and exaggerate the harm of minor toxins such as vomiting toxins and T2 toxins, thus misleading customers. In contrast, most of the toxin adsorbents in the Chinese market are currently ineffective, because most of the adsorbents are made from bentonite and zeolite powder.
Most of the toxin adsorbents currently registered in the Chinese market have not been systematically studied. Some products are not approved and used as toxin adsorbents in foreign countries, but they are used as toxin adsorbents after registration in China, and non-true toxins are used. After the adsorbent or the inefficient toxin adsorbent, the hidden danger of inducing the infectious disease will be planted. Whether the adsorption capacity of the toxin adsorbent is reliable or not requires a double demonstration of laboratory tests and animal experiments. According to research data in the United States, general bentonite and zeolite powder can adsorb more nutrients, and the adsorption capacity for mycotoxins is relatively small. The National Agricultural Technology Council and the University of Bangkok's list of mycotoxin adsorbent adsorption capacities show that the adsorption capacity of different toxin adsorbents varies greatly, and this difference in adsorption capacity is mainly determined by the difference in surface area of ​​the raw materials from which the adsorbent is made.
1, the performance of different toxin adsorbents
According to the research published by Professor Phillips in toxicology in 1998, zeolite powder and bentonite have almost no adsorption effect on aflatoxin. After use, the early embryo absorption rate of aflatoxin in animal embryos is 80%. It is difficult for an embryo that has not been absorbed to develop into a normal fetus. According to the data published by the American Committee on Mycotoxins, many products known for their new ideas in the world show only very low adsorption capacity in comparative studies, indicating that all new concepts must be identified through systematic laboratory research and extensive practical applications. Can you prove that it is really effective? The scientific comparison method of toxin adsorption capacity has been established in the United States and Europe as early as 20 years ago. However, in China, there is still extensive discussion on how to compare. In fact, direct reference from the European and American scientific literature helps us find the right direction. It also saves us time, which was published in the American Mycotoxin Handbook. The research literature published by Professor TDPhillips is the most valuable reference. Dr. Komkrich Pimpukdee, a well-known Asian toxicologist, published in the Journal of Bangkok University and has a high reference value for the list of mycotoxin adsorption capacity in the Asian market.
2, the side effects of some toxin adsorbents
According to the data on the adsorption capacity of Asian mycotoxin adsorbents published by the University of Bangkok, many toxin adsorbent brands on the market do not have the characteristics of selective adsorption. Most of them have poor ability to adsorb toxins and have strong adsorption capacity. However, some literatures have been shown to have selective adsorption. Products that only absorb toxins and do not absorb nutrients are good products.
Due to the nutritional characteristics of some brand of toxin adsorbents, they have been shown to have serious side effects after a period of use. For example, the sows have significantly reduced milk production, and the phenomenon of hoof cracking has increased significantly, and the phenomenon of calcium deficiency in sows is obvious.
The results of the American Mycotoxin Committee show that the core hazard of mycotoxins is the destruction of the immune system and the strong inhibition of the immune response, thus presetting the animals into the infected environment, resulting in increased susceptibility to disease, anti- The decline in virulence is an area that is currently neglected in China's pig production.
3, yeast or yeast cell wall components as a mycotoxin adsorbent using
Studies have found that the addition of yeast to a broiler diet contaminated with aflatoxin has significantly improved broiler weight gain and feed efficiency (Stanley et al., 1993; Devegowda et al. 1996) [1, 2]. Further studies have found that components that protect birds from mycotoxin are present in the yeast cell wall (Devegowda, 1996). This indicates that the specific structure of the yeast cell wall exerts an adsorption force on the mycotoxin. There are polysaccharides, proteins and lipids on the cell wall. These substances can be adsorbed to mycotoxins by hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding and hydrophobic interaction (Volkl and Karlovsky, 1998, 1999) [3, 4].
3.1 glucomannan
Glucomannan is an active ingredient proposed from the yeast cell wall and has a certain adsorption capacity for mycotoxins. Swamy and Devegowda (1998) [5] reported that glucomannan can improve the adverse effects of aflatoxin on daily gain and feed intake of broilers and reduce the degree of organ swelling. In vitro studies have shown that glucomannan can adsorb zearalenone up to 75%; aflatoxin up to 92%; and fumonisin up to 59% (Trenhlom et al., 2000). Raju and Devegowda (2000) [6] have shown that glucomannan can reduce the adverse effects of individual and complex mycotoxins: aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T2 toxin on broiler performance. Although the precise adsorption model of glucomannan is unknown, Raju and Devegowda (2000) speculate that glucomannan, when the chyme passes through the gastrointestinal tract, strongly adsorbs the toxin molecules contained therein and excretes them together. Glucomannan protects pigs from toxins such as vomiting toxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone, keeping serum levels of immunoglobulins at normal levels (Swamy et al., 2002) [7]. Swalny et al. (2003) [8] The addition of glucomannan to piglets contaminated with unilateral mycotoxin significantly improved the adverse effects of toxins on piglets. The addition of glucomannan to laying hens with single-ended mycotoxin can improve production performance and metabolism, and significantly increase egg production and egg quality compared with the toxin group (Chowdhury and Smith, 2004). Swamy et al. (2005) [9] added glucomannan to feeds contaminated with fumonisin to a large extent to alleviate the symptoms of fumonisin poisoning.
3.2 The adsorption effect of glucomannan and clay on zearalenone
Volkl and Karlovsky (1998) of Hohenhein University in Germany compared the effects of glucomannan with three other clay products on the adsorption of zearalenone. They found that glucomannan adsorbed about 70% of zearalenone within 10 min of addition, which is more advantageous than aluminosilicate adsorbents. Harvey (1996) [10] compared the effects of glucomannan with other clay-like mycotoxin adsorbents (zeolite, hydrated sodium aluminosilicate) combined with mycotoxins. The results showed that the daily weight gain and feed conversion rate of piglets fed with glucomannan diet were higher than those of other treatment groups. Devegowda (1996) conducted a comparative study on the adsorption of aflatoxin in moldy chicken feeds with glucomannan and Novasil (sodium hydrated calcium aluminosilicate product, HSCAS). Both can absorb more than 80% of the aflatoxin in the feed at the highest usage, but the amount of glucomannan used is much lower than Novasil. In acute poisoning cases where the feed contains high concentrations of aflatoxin, glucomannan binds up to 2000 p g / K g of aflatoxin (Evans, 2000).
4, conclusions
Declano, Sullivan (2003) defines the “ideal mycotoxin adsorbent†as follows: it has the ability to adsorb different types of mycotoxins; it is used in feeds with low and effective amounts; it can be mixed quickly and evenly in feed; in the preparation of granules It has strong stability during storage of the bulking material and feed; it does not adsorb vitamins, trace elements or other nutrients in the feed; it has high stability in a wide range of p H; it can be biodegraded after discharge.
According to the definition of "ideal mycotoxin adsorbent", yeast glucomannan has the ability to simultaneously adsorb a variety of mycotoxins, the addition amount is low and effective, and it has high stability in the gastrointestinal tract and can be degraded after discharge. . It is a very promising mycotoxin adsorbent product.
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