Entering May is a key period for the management of peach trees in the field. It is necessary to apply fruit to expand fertilizer, commonly known as strong fruit fertilizer, to thin fruit, set fruit, and even fruit bagging, to determine fruit yield and quality; It is very important to prevent diseases and ensure the healthy growth of peach trees. However, in the process of management, there are some problems, or not clear enough, or even misunderstandings. In the following, combined with the actual production, we will popularize the key technologies of peach tree summer management.
First, peach garden fertilization
1. Base fertilizer (peach tree for healthy breakfast)
Fertilizing peach trees is like eating, three meals a day. We often say, "I have to eat in the morning, eat well at noon, and eat less at night." The peach tree also has three meals. The breakfast of peach tree is equivalent to the germination and flowering period. At this time, the nutrition mainly depends on the nutrition stored in the tree. These nutrients mainly come from the autumn of the previous year, so we have to do the autumn fertilizer. Prepare for spring flowering and fruit setting. However, ordinary people are accustomed to harvesting fruits, and everything is fine. When fertilizing in spring, fertilizing a lot of compound fertilizer is actually too late, and it will destroy some roots and affect flowering and fruit setting. This habit is not good.
The autumn base fertilizer can generally be considered as “jinjinjijinfeiâ€, which is a pound of fruit and a pound of manure (soiled pig manure, cow dung, sheep manure, chicken manure, etc.), the farmers feel very tired or have no fat source, then It can be changed to bio-organic fertilizer 250 kg / mu.
2. Strong fruit fertilizer (lunch of peach tree fruit)
One is before the hard core, at which point the nuclear and seed development requires a lot of nutrition. The second is 40 days before fruit ripening. Now it is the hard core period, about 50 kg of compound fertilizer (N16, P7, K23) can be applied per mu. For early maturing varieties (70-90 days of fruit development, or mature varieties before the end of June) It is. The mid-late maturity varieties are applied once again 40-50 days before the fruit ripens, and the addition of the decomposed cake fertilizer and even the bean cake can significantly improve the fruit quality. Do not apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer or irrigation before maturity, otherwise it will reduce fruit quality.
3. Post-harvesting is commonly referred to as Yangfei, Yuezi Fertilizer (Peach Tree Supplementary Nutrition Dinner)
After harvesting the fruits of the early maturing and middle maturity varieties, a small amount of compound fertilizer is added. About 15 kg per mu. Late-maturing varieties combined with autumn-based base fertilizer can be used together, and reserve for flowering and fruit-bearing next year.
Second, fruit thinning, fruit setting
Now Xinyang and Nanyang have been hardcore, and Anyang and Sanmenxia have begun to hardcore. It is a good time to thin fruit and set fruit. There are five methods for reference:
According to the production method
According to experience, the average early-maturing variety yields 2,500 kg-3000 kg per mu, and the mid-late maturity variety yields 4,000 kg per mu, which can achieve high-quality targets. If the yield is 3,000 kg, the average single fruit weight is 3 two, then the number of fruits per mu is 3,000 kg. ÷ 0.3 kg =1, plus 10% insurance factor 10000 × 10% = 1000, that is, 11,000 per acre. If the row spacing is 3 m × 5 m, 45 plants are planted in one mu, each plant has an average of 250 fruits, leaving 3 large branches, and one branch retains about 80 fruits.
2. Fruit setting method
In the case of normal winter pruning, the amount of fruit retained is determined according to the type of fruit branch. Generally, the varieties of medium-sized fruit leave 3 to 4 fruits for long fruit branches, 2 to 3 fruits for middle fruit branches, and 1 for short fruit branches and bouquets. If you don't stay.
Large fruit varieties, long fruit branches leave 2 to 3 fruits, middle fruit branches leave 1 to 2 fruits, short fruit branches leave 1 fruit or leave, and the resulting bouquet-like fruit branches in the branch group are left or left. According to the results habits of the varieties, for example, the results of the middle and long fruit branches are mainly based on the above-mentioned criteria. According to the above criteria, the results of the middle and short fruit branches of the northern variety group are mainly based on the short and short branches. Long fruit branches should be kept long.
3. Spacing method
Under the premise of normal pruning and moderately strong trees, in the three-dimensional space, the canopy in the canopy leaves 1 fruit every 20 cm, and every 15 cm in the periphery of the canopy leaves 1 fruit. The large fruit is slightly longer and the small fruit is slightly closer.
4. Leaf fruit ratio method
The leaf-to-fruit ratio of peach is 20-40:1, which is determined according to the tree potential and the size of the fruit. Early-maturing varieties are generally 20:1, medium-maturing varieties are generally 30:1, and late-maturing large-fruit varieties are generally 40:1.
Method of thinning fruit: sparse time first inside and outside, first up and down. Sparse the leaf fruit, leave the leafy fruit, master the stay without leaving the double, stay big and not stay small, stay true without leaving, stay outside and do not stay inside.
Third, fruit bagging
Fruit bagging can improve fruit surface finish, enhance coloration, reduce pests and diseases, reduce pesticide residues, prevent cracking, prevent sunburn, and prevent hail and bird damage. Therefore, bagging is a simple and effective way to produce high quality peaches.
Bagging time
After the fruiting, that is, the hard core period, the Zhengzhou area is generally carried out around May 11-20.
2. Spray before bagging
Before the bag is placed, a large sweep of the whole garden is carried out to kill the eggs and germs on the fruit. Commonly used pesticides: 600 times liquid 70% thiophanate + 800 times liquid 20% thiazolidine wettable powder, +1000 times liquid 40% chlorpyrifos + 6000 times liquid 4% avermectin.
3. Choose a bag
Single or double layers, bagging or not taking bags should be carried out according to the needs of the consumer market. Generally, the red variety can be used in a single-layer bag of light color, such as a yellow or white bag. Especially in areas where nectarine is easy to crack and hail, it is best to use a light-colored bag until the bag is harvested. For dark-colored varieties, you can use a dark double-layer bag, which is removed a few days before maturity, and the appearance is very bright. There are many manufacturers in China that produce peach professional fruit bags.
4. Bagging operation
The handle of the peach is very short, different from apples and pears, so the mouth of the bag is pinched on the fruit branches and tied with lead wire or iron wire. Be careful not to tie the leaves into the fruit bag. Be sure to tie it up. Otherwise, the wind will blow the paper bag, causing fruit drop and worn fruit.
5. Fruit management
After the bagging, the fruit will be lightened due to the lack of photosynthesis; at the same time, the fruit transpiration will decrease, and the calcium in the fruit will be softened as the transpiration solution enters the fruit. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. In addition to the addition of superphosphate in the autumn base fertilizer, it is also necessary to spray calcium and potassium on the foliar surface (generally 0.3% calcium nitrate is sprayed every 10 to 15 days before bagging to the harvest, or The sugar alcohol chelate calcium fertilizer 1500 times, and 0.3% potassium sulfate.
6. Bag removal technology
The bag removal time varies according to the variety, climate, and site conditions. Generally, the light-colored bag and the soft-fruited peach do not need to go to the bag, and the fruit is taken together with the bag when harvested. This method is most suitable for areas with heavy rain, easy to crack fruit and hail. When the double bag is removed from the bag, the general variety is 7 to 10 days before harvesting, and the purple variety is 3 to 4 days before harvesting; it is best to take the bag during cloudy or cloudy weather to make the light gradually transition, 10-12 in the morning. When you go to the bag on the north side of the canopy, go to the bag on the south side of the canopy at 17 o'clock in the afternoon. You can also disassemble the lower part of the bag first, and then remove all the bags after 2 days.
Fourth, summer pruning
Remember to open the window, go to the umbrella, and secretly six words.
V. Pest control
The disease must be prevented, and the insects must be treated. In most parts of Henan, the disease is not serious but it is necessary to prevent it. The main pests are aphids, heartworms (pear small, peach aphid), red spiders, scale insects and so on.
Sixth, anti-frost measures
This year, March 27-28, 30-31 degrees high temperature, flowering in advance, April 6-7, another strong frost, many places frost, such as Anyang, Sanmenxia, ​​Shangqiu, Zhoukou, and Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Anhui In some areas, the frost loss is severe, and almost all the young fruits below 1.5 m in the canopy are frostbitten. It is very important to predict and predict the timely and accurate frost protection.
1. Simple and practical prediction method
(1) Thermometer prediction method
Hang the thermometer at a height of 1.5 meters from the ground in Taoyuan. Pay attention to the temperature change. When the temperature drops to 2 °C, frost may appear. Be careful to prepare for frost protection. Especially in the morning, the weather is fine, there is a weak north wind, the weather suddenly becomes cold in the afternoon, the temperature drops straight, and there may be frost in the middle of the night; or the southeast wind blows during the day, the northwest wind turns, and there is no wind or wind at night, the sky is not Clouds, there may be frost in the middle of the night; or the north wind, the weather is very cold, suddenly calm, and no clouds or clouds at night, there may be frost in the middle of the night. Always pay attention to temperature changes.
(2) Wet cloth prediction method
Hang a piece of damp cloth on the north side of Taoyuan. When there are white small drops of water on the wet cloth, frost may appear after about 20 minutes.
(3) Iron prediction method
Put the ironware like a shovel and dry it on the surface of the Taoyuan. If there is frost on the ironware, frost may occur about a little while.
(4) Alarm method - smoke generator
The intelligent "smoke generator" is placed in a peach garden about 1 meter high. The temperature is adjusted to -1.3 degrees from the initial flowering period to the full flowering period, and the young fruit period is adjusted to -0.5 degrees. When the temperature drops to the above temperature, an alarm signal can be automatically sent to remind people to implement anti-frost measures in time.
2. Delayed flowering method
(1) Early spring ground cover
In the early spring, the canopy is covered with weeds or crop straw or black shade net to reduce the sun's radiation, thus slowing down the temperature rise. After the straw rots, it can increase the soil organic matter, improve the soil structure and improve the quality of the peach.
(2) White painted trunk
In the spring, the trunk and main branches are white (salt: lime: water = 1:5:15) or 7-10% of lime liquid sprayed on the crown, which can reduce the absorption of solar energy by the tree, and at the same time prevent the disease. .
3. Anti-frost method
In the case of predicting frost damage, the use of fumigation and water spray can prevent frost damage.
(1) Smoke stacking method
Weeds, straws, litter, etc., stacked in the top of the peach garden, 3 to 4 piles per acre, about 25 kilograms per pile, ignited on the occasion of frost damage.
(2) aerosol method
Mix 3 parts of ammonium nitrate, 1 part of diesel oil and 6 parts of sawdust, and pack them in a kraft paper bag, 1.5 kg per bag, compacted and sealed, hung on the upper wind head, and ignited. Each bag can control 3 to 4 mu of land.
(3) Water spray
Artificially spray water on the trees before the night frost. For conditional peach gardens, micro-sprinkler irrigation can be used.
(4) Infrastructure
When the park is built, the terrain is selected to be dry and open; the forest protection network is built before the park is built.
7. Fruit harvesting, post-harvest pruning, flood control, pest control
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