Fresh pastures, forage crops, and hay and silage prepared from these raw materials are generally palatable and have high nutritional value and can be fed directly to livestock. Low-quality roughage resources such as straw, clam shell, pod shell, bamboo shoot shell, etc., due to poor palatability, low digestibility, and low nutritional value, are directly fed to ruminants alone, and it is often difficult to achieve the desired feeding effect. In order to obtain a better feeding effect, these low-quality roughages are often subjected to appropriate processing and processing in production practice. Processing methods can be divided into physical processing and processing, chemical processing, biological processing and composite processing.
Direct feeding
This is the usual way and the most primitive way to use roughage. For some good quality roughage, such as high quality grass hay, legume hay, mulberry leaves, beer grains, MSG residue and beet pulp, because of its high nutritional value and availability, even without any processing, Direct feeding of ruminants also yields good feeding results. Therefore, in practice these feeds are often fed separately or directly mixed with other feeds and rarely processed.
Processing and processing feeding
Broadly speaking, the preparation of hay and silage is also a processing of feed, but its purpose is mainly to preserve feed and does not improve the nutritional value of pasture or forage crops. The processing and processing described here are mainly methods and techniques for increasing feed nutrients and improving the nutritional value of feed.
Physical processing
Physical treatment mainly changes the shape of the roughage by processing, but does not change the chemical properties of the roughage. Physical processing mainly includes the following methods:
(1) Machining such as chopping, chopping and smashing. This is the easiest and most common method for roughage processing. After this processing, it is easy for animals to chew, reduce energy consumption, increase feed intake, and reduce straw waste. However, the processing has no obvious improvement on the digestibility of the roughage, and if the pulverization is too fine, the digestibility is also lowered. Tests have shown that short and smashed feed can increase feed intake, but shorten the time the feed stays in the rumen, causing a decrease in the digestibility of fibrous material, an increase in the rate of formation of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and the proportion of propionic acid. The reduction in ruminal causes a decrease in pH in the rumen.
Chopping: Using a mower to cut the roughage into 1 cm to 2 cm, the straw is softer and can be slightly longer, while the corn stover is thicker and has nodules, preferably 1 cm. When the corn stalk is silage, it should be chopped with a mower to facilitate the stepping.
Crushing: Crushing of roughage can improve feed utilization and facilitate the mixing of concentrates. The roughage of the goats fed in the winter and spring season should be crushed. The fineness of the comminution should not be too fine for ruminating. The bottom diameter of the pulverizer screen is preferably 8 mm to 10 mm. For example, hay powder used as a compound feed for pigs and poultry should be pulverized into flour to be fully stirred. For example, the grass powder size of the pig should pass through a 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm diameter sieve.
Crushing: Crushing machinery is a new product introduced in recent years. In order to adapt to the characteristics of ruminant livestock for roughage utilization, the straw feed is smashed into silk strips, especially suitable for mashing corn stalks, which can be fed cattle, sheep, camels, etc. Ruminating livestock. Straw mashing not only improves palatability, but also improves feed utilization. It is an ideal processing method for straw feed utilization.
(2) Thermal processing such as cooking, puffing, etc. Cooking can soften the roughage and improve its palatability and feed intake. Puffing is a method of suddenly reducing blood pressure after using high-pressure steam treatment to destroy the fiber structure, and has an effect on straw or even wood. The study found that in addition to the physical effects, the puffing treatment also has a chemical effect, puffing can make the lignin low molecular and decompose structural carbohydrates, thereby increasing the soluble components. Therefore, after puffing treatment under suitable conditions, the improvement of straw digestibility is greater. However, this processing technology requires special equipment investment, and the energy consumption is large, and the processing cost is high. Therefore, it is difficult to promote and apply in production at present.
(3) Salinization and salinization refers to straw feed that is mashed or crushed. It is thoroughly stirred with 1% saline solution and equal weight of straw, placed in a container or stacked on a concrete floor, covered with a plastic film, and placed. 12 hours to 24 hours, it naturally softens, can significantly improve palatability and feed intake. Widely used in the Northeast, the effect is good.
Other treatments such as molding processing, radiation treatment, and the like. By means of a specific processing machine, the roughage is pressed into granules or small pieces, which can increase the density of the roughage, facilitate the storage and transportation of the roughage, especially the straw feed, improve the palatability and digestibility, and reduce the feeding process. waste. Irradiation treatment (such as gamma ray) can increase the water-soluble components in the roughage and increase the digestibility of the roughage, but the irradiation treatment is difficult to put into practical use.
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Chemical treatment
The effect of chemical treatment is often better than pure physical treatment, and the equipment investment and processing costs required are generally lower than physical processing. The most common and effective methods in chemical treatment are alkalization, ammoniation, ammonia/alkali complex treatment and acid treatment, which can effectively improve the feed intake and digestibility of straw feed.
(1) Ammonia treatment Ammonia treatment straw feed began in the 1970s. The straw feed has a low protein content. When it meets with ammonia, its organic matter undergoes an aminolysis reaction with ammonia, destroys the lipid bond between the lignin and the polysaccharide (cellulose, hemicellulose) chain, and forms an ammonium salt, which becomes the rumen of the cattle and sheep. Nitrogen source of microorganisms. At the same time, ammonia dissolves in water to form ammonium hydroxide, which has an alkalization effect on the roughage. Therefore, the ammoniation treatment is to enhance the nutritional value of the straw through the dual action of ammoniation and alkalization. After ammoniation of straw, the crude protein content can be increased by 100%~150%, the cellulose content can be reduced by 10%, and the organic matter digestibility can be increased by more than 20%. It is a good roughage for cattle and sheep ruminant livestock. The quality of the ammoniated feed is affected by the quality of the feed of the straw feed itself, the type of ammonia source and the ammoniation method. There are many types of ammonia sources. Many foreign countries use liquid ammonia, and special equipment is required for factory processing or mobile services. In the vast rural areas of China, urea and ammonium bicarbonate are mostly used as ammonia sources. Ammonia water is cheaper and close to the chemical plant. It can also be used as an ammonia source. Due to the simple production method of ammoniated feed, the nutritional value of feed has been improved significantly. It has been widely used in countries all over the world in recent years. Since the late 1980s, China has started to promote and apply it, with an annual production volume of 21.5 million tons.
(2) Alkali treatment of alkali substances can weaken the hydrogen bond inside the feed fiber, causing the cellulose molecules to swell and the relationship between cellulose and lignin in the cell wall to be weakened. Dissolving hemicellulose is beneficial to the digestion of feed by ruminants and the digestibility of roughage. At present, there are mainly two kinds of sodium hydroxide treatment and lime treatment. The effect of sodium hydroxide treatment is better, but the treatment cost is relatively high, and the risk of environmental pollution is relatively large; the cost of lime treatment is low, and the risk of daily environmental pollution is small, but the treatment effect is worse than that of sodium hydroxide treatment.
Sodium hydroxide treatment As early as 1921, the German chemist Beckman first proposed "wet treatment", that is, the straw was immersed in a 1.5% sodium hydroxide solution bath for 24 hours, then washed repeatedly with water, dried and fed to ruminant livestock. The digestibility of organic matter can be increased by 25%. This method uses a lot of water, many organic matter is washed away, and it pollutes the environment. In 1964, Wilson and others proposed an improved method, which used sodium hydroxide, which accounts for 4% to 5% of the weight of straw, to prepare a 30% to 40% solution, sprayed on the smashed straw, and accumulated for several days, and was directly fed without washing. It can increase the digestibility of organic matter by 12%~20%, which is called “dry treatmentâ€. Although this method has more improvement than the "wet method", the feces contain a considerable amount of sodium ions after eating, which also has certain pollution to the soil and the environment.
Calcium hydroxide produced by the treatment of lime water with lime water is a weak alkaline solution. After fully ripening and precipitating, the straw is treated with the supernatant liquid (ie, lime milk). The specific method is: for every 100 kilograms of straw, 3 kilograms of quicklime is needed, and water is added from 200 kilograms to 250 kilograms. The lime milk is evenly sprayed on the crushed straw and stacked on the concrete floor. After 1 day to 2 days, the livestock can be directly fed. . This method has low cost and has quick lime everywhere. The method is simple and the effect is obvious. The former Soviet Union was widely used in the 1930s and 1940s. China has adopted this law in many places.
(3) Ammonia-alkali compound treatment In order to make the straw feed not only improve the nutrient content, but also improve the digestibility of the feed, the advantages of both ammoniation and alkalization are combined. That is, the straw feed is ammoniated and then alkalized. For example, the digestibility of straw ammonia treatment is only 55%, and after compound treatment, it reaches 71.2%. Of course, the combined treatment costs are higher, but the economic benefits and production potential of the straw feed can be fully utilized.
(4) Acid treatment The straw feed is treated with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and formic acid. The principle is the same as the alkalization treatment, and the cellulose structure in the feed is destroyed by acid to improve the digestibility of the feed. However, the acid treatment cost is too high and is rarely used in production.
Biological treatment
The biological method is to partially degrade the roughage fiber through the action of microorganisms and enzymes, and produce sugar and bacterial proteins to improve palatability, digestibility and nutritional value. In production practice, silage, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are mainly used. . These methods have little effect on the decomposition of crude fiber, mainly play the role of water immersion and softening, and can produce some sugars and organic acids, which can improve palatability. However, heat is generated during fermentation to lose energy in the feed.
(1) Silage is a method of preserving greenish feed and green straw by using lactic acid bacteria to produce acidic conditions, inhibiting or killing various harmful microorganisms. Green sugar feed and corn stalk with high sugar content are easy to silage, but low-quality straw, wheat straw and other straw feeds are difficult to silage.
(2) Enzymatic hydrolysis is a method in which cellulose and hemicellulolytic enzyme are dissolved in water and then sprayed on straw to increase the digestibility thereof, but it is difficult to put into practical use due to high treatment cost.
(3) Microbial treatment is a method of degrading lignocellulose in low-quality roughage, softening straw, improving palatability, and thereby improving digestibility by beneficial microbial fermentation. Straw micro-storage is one of the microbial treatment technologies.
Composite processing technology
Single processing and processing of straw feeds often fail to achieve the desired results, especially in industrial scale processing. Therefore, it is necessary to properly assemble and match different processing technologies and propose a new modulation process. At present, more is the combination of chemical treatment and mechanical molding processing, that is, the straw feed is first chopped or coarsely pulverized, then subjected to chemical pretreatment such as alkalization or ammoniation, and then the necessary nutritional supplement is added, and Further processed into straw granule feed or grass by mechanical processing. Through the composite treatment technology, the effect of straw ammoniation or alkalization treatment can be achieved, and the physical properties and palatability of the straw feed can be significantly improved, the density of the straw feed can be greatly improved, and the transportation, storage and utilization thereof are facilitated. It is conducive to the implementation of industrialized and efficient treatment, and is an important way to utilize straw feed in the future.
The choice of processing and modulation route should be applied scientifically according to the local production conditions, the characteristics of roughage, the size of economic input, the increase of feed nutrient price and the economic benefits of livestock breeding. With a certain scale of breeding industry, feed processing modulation should be developed towards intensification and factory. The vast number of households scattered in rural areas should choose simple and easy processing methods suitable for local conditions, and should develop in the direction of professional processing and establishment of service systems to promote the rapid development of animal husbandry.
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