Fourth, the type of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer: Fertilizer containing a large amount of organic matter is called organic fertilizer, also known as farmyard manure. Organic fertilizer contains a large amount of humus and organic matter, which can provide various nutrients for plants; it can improve the effectiveness of poorly soluble sulfate in soil, reduce the fixation of soil to phosphorus, improve soil fertility and improve soil structure. Significance. Commonly used organic fertilizers are manure, livestock manure, poultry manure, bone meal, fish meal, manure, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer, peat, grass ash, fallen leaves, weeds, green manure, etc. Organic fertilizers are rich in organic matter, comprehensive in nutrients and long in fertilizer efficiency. It is worth noting that when using organic fertilizer, it should be fully decomposed. (1) The application of compost and manure from piles and manures is the use of plant residues, such as straw, leaves, weeds, plant wastes and other wastes as the main raw materials, adding human excrement or livestock excrement for accumulation and tanning. Made of. The composting of the compost is to create conditions for the microbial decomposition of the microorganisms, and the fermentation temperature is high. The manure is mostly tanning under water, mainly based on anaerobic decomposition, and the fermentation temperature is low. The C/N ratio required for general microbial fermentation is 25:1. The C/N ratio of different organic substances is different, and it is necessary to adjust with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer during fermentation.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio of three different organic substances:
         Plant material and fertilizer type           Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N)--
         Wild Grass 25 ~ 45: 1
         Dry straw 67:1
         Wood and Bark 480:1
         苜蓿 and clover 20:1
         Ziyun Ying 10 ~ 17.3: 1
         Sawdust 250:1
         High temperature composting 9.67 ~ 10.67:1
         General composting 16 ~ 20:1
   Heap and manure contain complete fertilizers with high organic matter and various nutrients. The fertilizer is slow and long-lasting, and is generally used as a base fertilizer. Long-term application of heap and manure can play a role in improving soil. The amount of fertilizer and fertilizer used in the nursery is usually 750-1500Kg/mu. Nitrogen in compost is insufficient due to the consumption of microorganisms. It is best to apply compost after applying compost.
   The proportion of various manure materials should be determined according to the use of the fertilizer. If it is topdressing in the same year, it requires fertilizer to be cooked quickly. 50kg of grass can be used, 10-15kg human excrement, 1~2kg lime, or 2.5-5kg grass ash can be added. For example, at the end of the year, the grass will be dried for 1 to 2 days, cut into 7 to 10 cm long sections, and the grass will be laid at the bottom of the pit, about 17 cm thick, and then the horse manure will be laid, and the water and human waste will be used. All drowned. When the fertilizer is fermented, add a layer of black soil when the manure becomes black and green, then add grass, horse manure and water. This layer is piled up to the ground, and finally water is poured to keep the pit surface 3 cm thick. In the autumn, the good fertilizer will be brought to the ground, and after turning over, it will be piled up into a pile of steamed buns. Composting is the result of microbial activity.
   The external conditions affecting microbial activity include the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) of water, air, temperature, composting materials, and the pH of the environmental conditions in which the microorganisms are located. Compost can be decomposed as long as the conditions required for microbial activity are met.
   It is necessary to soak the plant debris before absorbing it. Moisture is very important in the composting process. Generally, the water content is 60-70% of the dry material, which is beneficial to the life of the microorganisms in the pile and the softening of the organic materials, and can also promote the composting of the compost. Usually, the material is gripped by hand and the water droplets are extruded, that is, the moisture is moderate.
   If the ventilation in the pile is good, the aerobic microbial activity is strong. It is conducive to microbial composting; when the ventilation condition is poor, the anaerobic microbial activity is strong, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, the effective nutrient release is less, and the compost maturity is long, but it is conducive to the formation and accumulation of humus. Therefore, the two can be combined; the pre-stacking is mainly aerobic, so that the compost quickly decomposes and releases nutrients, while the middle and late composts are in an air-non-circulating state to preserve the released nutrients and promote the accumulation of humus. The method is as follows: in the early stage of composting, the compost can be ventilated by setting up a ventilation tower, a ventilation ditch or a method of loosely accumulating. When the compost is decomposed, the compost will naturally collapse. Then, the sealant will be compacted and the ventilation tower and other facilities will be removed to reduce the air circulation.
   During the composting process, the temperature in the heap changes with the decomposition of organic matter, and enters the high temperature from low temperature and medium temperature. The high temperature fiber decomposing bacteria requires a temperature of 50 to 60 ° C and is a good heat microorganism. When composting in winter, an appropriate amount of horse manure can be added to the composting material, and the heat generated by the high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria can be used to increase the composting temperature, or the surface of the mud can be used to reduce the heat and accelerate the composting of the compost. Microbial activity requires carbon as an energy source and nitrogen is required as a material for building cells.
   Microbial activity and reproduction require a certain ratio (C/N) for carbon and nitrogen, typically less than 25:1. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio in composting is greater than 25:1, the microorganisms cannot multiply, the organic residues decompose slowly, and the microorganisms will absorb inorganic nitrogen from the external environment. If the carbon to nitrogen ratio of organic matter is less than 25:1, the microorganisms multiply rapidly and the organic residues decompose and decompose. In order to accelerate the activity of microorganisms and promote compost maturity, manure or other nitrogen fertilizer can be added to the compost to regulate the carbon to nitrogen ratio required by microorganisms.
   During the composting process, the decomposition of organic matter will produce a large amount of organic acids, which will make the environment acidic and affect the life activities of microorganisms. Because the general microorganisms are suitable to live in a neutral or slightly acidic environment, alkaline substances such as lime or grass ash and calcareous soil should be appropriately added to the compost to adjust the pH value in the compost. It is divided into ordinary compost and high temperature compost. The former fermentation temperature is low, and the latter is subjected to high temperature fermentation.
   First, common compost: suitable for areas or seasons with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Composting should choose a place where the terrain is flat and close to the water source. The stack is 2 meters wide and 1.5 to 2 meters high. The pile length depends on the material. Before stacking, tamping and leveling the ground, layering a layer of turf soil or peat to absorb the infiltrated fertilizer liquid, and then evenly spread the litter, weeds, garbage, etc., and pour the human and animal waste. And sewage, etc. Each layer is about 15~26cm thick and covered with a layer of fine soil or river mud to reduce water evaporation and ammonia volatilization. Stack for about 1 month, turn it over once, and add some water. It is hot and rainy in summer, composting for about 2 months, turning it once, and it takes 3 to 4 months to be decomposed in winter.
   Second, high temperature composting: High temperature composting is a major method for the harmless treatment of organic substances. Human excrement, tree leaves, weeds, mixed plants, various straws, etc., after high temperature treatment, can eliminate the hidden bacteria, eggs and grass seeds. Conducive to environmental health and human and animal health. In order to accelerate the decomposition of weeds, leaves, etc., increase the temperature of the fertilizer. High-temperature compost must be added to horse manure, which uses the high-temperature heat-decomposing bacteria in horse manure to promote the decomposition of plant residues. If the high temperature compost adopts a half pit type, the decomposing is fast and sufficient, and the nutrient loss is small. The method is as follows: selecting a place with a high degree of dryness and close to the water source to make a fertilizer field. Digging holes in the ground, if the plant material is calculated according to 0.5 tons, the pit depth is 1 meter, and the excavated soil surrounds the pit and forms a circle of soil. The bottom of the pit is leveled, and a cross groove is dug. The depth and width of the groove are 20cm. Both ends of the groove are dug up along the edge, and the soil is directly excavated. The outer exit is flared. Two short branches are laid vertically and horizontally at the bottom of the pit, and a few straws or branches are used as a ventilation tower. Then lay the plant material and step on it, add a layer of fine soil, pour lime water, sprinkle a horse dung, and then pour human waste. Then lay the material again, so that it is piled up to about 30cm above the pit surface, covered with a layer of soil, about 3cm thick, so that the pile is in the shape of a skull. After 1 to 2 days, make it fully ventilated, and finally use river mud, pond mud and other caps.
   The above two types of composting are the traditional methods of fertilizing fertilizer for crops. It is characterized by rich and comprehensive nutrients. High temperature compost has a bactericidal and insecticidal effect. The cultivated soil and humus soil commonly used in flower production are rich in production similar to compost. They also use plant materials such as fallen leaves and fallen flowers, and they are poured onto human dung to promote the decomposition of plant residues. The difference is that the humus soil should be added to a considerable amount of garden soil, and the decomposing time is long. There is no high-temperature fermentation process, and the insects cannot be sterilized. The bacteria and eggs are often lurked in the culture soil or the humus soil to infect the new plants. Virus or axillary pests.
   (2) Application of mud fertilizer: The fertile mud in rivers, ponds, ditches and lakes is collectively referred to as mud fertilizer. It is composed of fine soil, dirt and litter brought by wind and rain, which are collected in the bottom of rivers, gullies, ponds and lakes, together with the excrement and remains of aquatic animals, and the remains of aquatic plants. .
   These substances form mud by long-term decomposition of anaerobic microorganisms. Different mud fertilizers have different fertilizer effects. If the silt surface is black-green and smelly, the silt has many honeycomb-filled cavities, and the traces of the stems and leaves of the plants are not clear. The lighter weight is high; on the contrary, if the water surface is clear, the excavated mud is gray and the structure is tight, no Honeycomb holes are less effective.
   Mud fertilizer is a cool fertilizer, and the fertilizer effect period is long and stable. In order to rapidly convert the nutrient nutrients and eliminate the reducing toxic substances produced by the long-term flooding, the soil should be spread out, dried for a period of time, and then applied by crushing. The nursery uses mud fertilizer as the base fertilizer. It can not only supply nutrients to the seedlings, but also thicken the soil and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The use of mud to prepare cultured soil for planting flowers is effective. First spread the mud fertilizer to the open field. After drying slightly, cut into a 1cm-sized mud block and pour in about 1/5 of the ash. Use this soil to plant white orchids, jasmine, etc., and leafy flowers. The nutrient content of several mud as follows: Co.,
Project
Gully mud lake Mud mud mud average organic matter (%) 9.37 4.46 5.28 2.45 5.09 total nitrogen (N,%) 0.44 0.40 0.29 0.20 0.38 total phosphorus (P2O5,%)0.49 0.56 0.36 0.16 0.34 total potassium (K2O),%) 0.56 1.83 1.82 1.00 1.62 Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N, ppm) 100-1.25273203 Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N, ppm)—251.4611 Available phosphorus (P, ppm) 30182.89757 Available potassium (K, ppm) 5517.5245193.
   (3) Peat and humic acid Fertilizer not only have strong adsorption capacity, but also the humate extracted from grass charcoal has a stimulating effect on plant growth. Therefore, the utilization of peat is multifaceted.
   First, it is used as a material for livestock gaskets: using grass charcoal as a gasket for livestock, it can absorb not only the manure and urine of livestock, but also the gas (ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide) generated when the livestock manure is decomposed. It not only avoids fat loss, but also keeps the environment clean. The experiment proved that 1 ton of manure with a charcoal gasket.
   Second, the production of grass charcoal sludge fertilizer: the former Soviet Union used two types of peat (high, low) mixed with sludge precipitated from municipal sewage (weight 1:1), and then added different parts of mineral fertilizer to make grass charcoal Mud fertilizer. The results show that the peat sludge mixed fertilizer is weak in acidity and rich in fusible nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially suitable for turf cultivation.
   Third, the production of grass charcoal fertilizer: the Soviet Union developed grass charcoal as the main component (100 parts) plus lime 0.2 ~ 0.3 parts, microbial medium 0.1 ~ 0.2 parts, nitrogen-fixing bacteria agent 0.05 ~ 0.1 parts, made of grass charcoal fertilizer, application Convenience.
   Fourth, the production of grass paper: the use of decomposition of the difference between the grass carbon fiber and the binder to make a straw paper, which can also be added fertilizers and other chemical additives. Grass paper mixed with grass seeds can be laid on land around new buildings to form lawns and other ground coverings.
   Fifth, composting: The Federal Republic of Germany combines peat, lignite powder, conifer bark, waste matrix of cultivated mushrooms, asbestos and soil, and the fertilizer produced by 7 to 14 days is suitable for planting garden ornamental plants.
   Sixth, use grass charcoal for greenhouse soil: use fresh grass charcoal (high-grade charcoal) to add nutrients, can be used as greenhouse soil, and cultivate plants.
   Seventh, the production of flower culture soil: Because of the strong adsorption capacity of grass charcoal, in recent years, many areas of foreign countries use grass charcoal to make flower nutrient soil.
   Eighth, the preparation of grass charcoal nutrition 钵: the use of moderately decomposed grass charcoal to make nutrients, easy to manage, transport, and carry.
   In addition, according to the degree of looseness of the charcoal and the sediment content, a small amount of sludge can be added as a binder, or sawdust chips and sand can be added as a loosening agent. After the ingredients are thoroughly mixed, the charcoal nutrient solution is made by hand or mechanically. Due to the tightness of the grass charcoal, the roots of the flowers and seedlings planted in the grass charcoal nutrient are well grown.
   When planting plants or other acidic flowers, add appropriate amount of ferrous sulfate to the nutrient solution to adjust the pH. Humic acid fertilizer Humic acid fertilizer is a variety of humates made from humus-rich peat brown coal and weathered coal as the main raw materials, alkali and acid precipitation.
   The main humic acid fertilizers are: humic acid ammonium, nitro humic acid, humic acid nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer. Peat and other fertilizer formula: peat (semi-dry) 60-80% decomposed manure 10-20% superphosphate 0.1-0.4% ammonium sulfate 0.1-0.2% grass ash 1-2% with peat, urea, superphosphate, chlorine Potassium is used as raw material, dry pulverization, metering and mixing, granulation, screening and packaging, etc., and humic acid nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are produced in accordance with granular fertilizer. It is not only a nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also mixed with humic acid, is a long-acting slow compound fertilizer. Humic acid fertilizer The humic acid fertilizer produced in China has achieved good results in the production of early chrysanthemum, especially suitable for soil with higher salinization. The various kinds of ferment fertilizers developed in the past few years in China have also been tested and used. And through the Taoranting Park for two consecutive years with humic acid fertilizer on the early chrysanthemum test. Compared with the control, the early chrysanthemum with fermented fertilizer has a large number of roots and the leaves are obviously thicker and greenish. It has also been reported that the product of humic acid fertilizer, fulvic acid diamine, is better than ferrous sulfate in controlling yellowing.
2 , inorganic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers are also called chemical fertilizers. Compared with organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers have high nutrient content, simple ingredients, soluble in water, fast and short fertilizer effects, and acid-base reactions. Long-term use of chemical fertilizers will have adverse effects on soil compaction and salinization. According to the main nutrients it contains, fertilizers are often divided into:
   (1) Nitrogen fertilizer: including ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, and the like.
   (2) Phosphate fertilizer: There are superphosphate, phosphate rock and so on.
   (3) Potassium fertilizer: potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, and the like.
   (4) Compound fertilizer: There are three elements, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and the like.
   (5) Trace element fertilizer (micro-fertilizer): There are copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, boron, iron and the like.
   (6) Fungus: The growth and development of flowers such as rhizobium, phosphatase, and potassium bacteria require a large amount of nutrients, which are mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil. If the required nutrients are not replenished in time, it will affect growth and yield. Studies have shown that the yield per unit area is directly proportional to the amount of fertilizer applied, and only through fertilization can the nutrient needs of different flower growth stages be met.
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