Classification of veterinary drug antibacterials and representative drugs

What is a drug: A drug is an item used to prevent and treat diseases of livestock (bovine, sheep, pigs, etc.), poultry (chicken, duck, goose, pigeons, etc.). Classification of commonly used veterinary drugs: antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, antiparasitic drugs, etc.

Classification: Antibiotics are divided into antibiotics and synthetic antibacterials. The so-called antibiotics are metabolites produced by microorganisms, and this generation products inhibit growth or killing of some other microorganisms. The so-called synthetic antibacterial drugs are antibacterial substances produced by people through chemical synthesis, and are not produced by microbial metabolism.

Antibacterial drugs are divided into antibiotics and synthetic antibacterial drugs.

1. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are usually divided into eight categories:

1, penicillin: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, etc.;

2, cephalosporins (cephalosporins): cephalexin, cefadroxil, ceftiofur, cephalosporin 5, etc.;

3, aminoglycoside (reading the same: generation) categories: streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, apramycin, etc.;

4, macrolides: erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, etc.;

5, tetracyclines: oxytetracycline, doxycycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, etc.;

6, chloramphenicol: florfenicol, thiamphenicol, chloramphenicol, etc.;

7, lincomycin: lincomycin, clindamycin, etc.;

8, other categories: colistin sulfate and so on.

(1), penicillin:

Source: Penicillin is a kind of Î²-lactam antibiotic with penicillin as the core, which is extracted from the fermentation broth of Penicillium or further semi-synthesized (the penicillin and lactam refer to a certain chemical structure).

Principle of action: Penicillin drugs interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, causing defects in the new cell wall and lysis. At lower concentrations, it only has the effect of inhibiting bacterial growth, and at higher concentrations it has a strong bactericidal effect. It has strong antibacterial activity against most Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, various spirochetes and actinomycetes. [Gram's is a bacterial staining solution, divided into Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria according to the color of the bacteria after dyeing.

Drug compatibility: At present, antibiotics are generally divided into four categories:

The first type is the fungicide during the breeding period: that is, the bacteria have the best effect in the large-scale and high-speed breeding stage of bacteria, and the effect of killing bacteria usually includes penicillins and cephalosporins.

The second type is the quiescent period bactericide: that is, the bacteria have the best effect at the stage when the reproduction of the bacteria is relatively inactive, and it plays the role of killing bacteria. It usually includes aminoglycosides, colistin in other classes, and the like.

The third category is rapid bacteriostatic agents: that is, the drugs can rapidly inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, that is, the speed of bacterial growth and reproduction can be slowed down, and the growth and reproduction cycle of individual bacteria is greatly prolonged. However, it does not directly kill bacteria, and usually includes chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracyclines, lincomycins, and the like.

The fourth category is a slow-acting bacteriostatic agent: that is, the drug can slowly inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria. It usually includes sulfonamides and synergists TMP (trimethoprim) and the like.

In general, synergies (ie, synergistic effects) can be obtained for the compatibility of the first and second classes.

The third and fourth types of compatibility can produce additive effects (ie, enhanced effects).

The first type and the third type of compatibility may have an antagonistic effect (ie, a decrease in effect).

Antagonism (ie, reduced efficacy) may occur in the first and fourth types of compatibility.

The combination of the same type of antibiotics has increased efficacy and some has reduced efficacy.

1, penicillins and sulfonamides and sulfonamides synergists are not compatible;

Such as: ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole (sulfamethoxazole) can not be compatible.

2, penicillins and tetracyclines can not be compatible;

Such as: ampicillin and doxycycline can not be compatible.

3, penicillins and macrolides can not be compatible;

Such as: ampicillin and erythromycin can not be compatible.

4, penicillin and chloramphenicol can not be compatible;

Such as: amoxicillin and florfenicol can not be compatible.

5, penicillin and aminoglycoside can be compatible;

Such as: penicillin and streptomycin can be compatible.

Ampicillin and apramycin are compatible.

However, penicillins and gentamicin are incompatible, and penicillins reduce gentamicin activity.

6, penicillin and colistin sulfate can be compatible.

7, ampicillin and vitamin C can not be compatible.

Special synergist for penicillin drugs: Î²-lactamase inhibitor

Representative drugs:

1, sulbactam sodium (also known as penicillin sulfone), often combined with ampicillin sodium.

2, tazobactam sodium, often combined with piperacillin sodium.

3, potassium clavulanate (aka: potassium clavulanate), often compatible with amoxicillin.

Common Penicillin Drugs:

1. Penicillin (also known as benzylpenicillin, benzillin, penicillin G), the salts of which are penicillin sodium and penicillin potassium.

2, procaine penicillin (aka: penicillin procaine)

3, benzathine penicillin (aka: long-acting penicillin, penicillin benzathine salt)

4, penicillin V potassium (aka: phenoxymethyl penicillin potassium)

5, methicillin sodium (aka: methicillin, new penicillin)

6, oxacillin sodium (aka: oxacillin sodium, new penicillin II)

7, cloxacillin sodium (aka: o-chloropenicillin sodium)

8, flucloxacillin sodium

9, ampicillin (aka: ampicillin)

10,

11,

12, amoxicillin (aka: amoxicillin)

13, piperacillin sodium (aka: piperazine penicillin)

14, ticarcillin sodium (aka: carboxythiophene penicillin sodium)

15, mezlocillin sodium

16, azlocillin sodium

17. Mexilin (also known as: Azadirachtin )

18, Tamoxicillin sodium

Tip: Usually we see the word "Xilin", usually penicillin drugs.

(2), cephalosporins (cephalosporins)

Source: Cephalosporin is a class of cephalosporin C-hydroxys semi-synthetically synthesized from the culture solution of C. acremonium and has a cephem parent core Î²-lactam antibiotic.

Principle of action: The cephalosporin drugs interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, causing new defects and lysing. It has strong antibacterial activity against most Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria, various spirochetes and actinomycetes.

Drug compatibility:

1, cephalosporins and sulfonamides are not compatible;

For example, ceftiofur and sulfamethoxazole (sulfamethoxazole) are not compatible.

However, TMP can be combined with cefadroxil.

2, cephalosporins and tetracyclines can not be compatible;

Such as: ceftiofur and doxycycline can not be compatible.

3, cephalosporins and macrolides can not be compatible;

Such as: ceftiofur and acetylspiramycin can not be compatible.

4, cephalosporins and chloramphenicol can not be compatible;

Such as: ceftiofur and florfenicol can not be compatible.

5, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides can be compatible, but after the combination of the two types of drugs, the amount of kidney toxicity will be aggravated, with caution;

6, cephalosporins and colistin sulfate can be compatible, but after the compatibility of the two types of drugs, nephrotoxicity will be aggravated, with caution.

Special synergist for cephalosporins: Î²-lactamase inhibitor

Principle: Some bacteria can secrete Î²-lactamase, which disables the hydrolysis of cephalosporins. A class of drugs in which a Î²-lactamase inhibitor binds closely to a Î²-lactamase to prevent the Î²-lactamase from acting with a cephalosporin, thereby maintaining cephalosporin activity.

Beta-lactamase inhibitors represent drugs.

1, sulbactam sodium (aka: penicillin sulfone)

2, tazobactam sodium

3, potassium clavulanate (aka: potassium clavulanate)

Cephalosporins represent drugs:

1. Cephalexin (Pioneer IV)

2, cefadroxil

3, cefaclor (cefotaxime)

4, cefradine (Pioneer VI)

5, cefazolin sodium (Pioneer V)

6, cefuroxime sodium (cefuroxime, cefuroxime, Xi Lixin)

7, cefuroxime

8, cefotaxime sodium

9, ceftriaxone sodium ( cefatriazine )

10, ceftazidime

11, cefoperazone sodium ( cefasulforate , Pioneer must)

12, Cefixime

13, ceftriaxone XiA

14, cefmenoxime (cefotaxime)

15, cefodizime sodium

16. Cefmetazole Sodium ( Cefmetatol )

17, cefoxitin sodium (methoxyprotethiophene)

18, cefminox sodium

19, ceftiofur

(3), aminoglycoside antibiotics

Source: Produced by Streptomyces or Pseudomonas or semi-synthetically obtained.

Principle of action: This class of antibiotics mainly acts on the synthesis process of bacterial proteins, causing bacteria to synthesize abnormal proteins, hindering the release of synthetic proteins, increasing the permeability of bacterial cell membranes and causing some important physiological substances to leak out, causing bacteria. death. This class of drugs has a strong killing effect on quiescent cells of bacteria. The antibacterial spectrum of this class of antibiotics mainly includes Gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Compatibility:

1. Aminoglycoside and penicillin can be compatible;

Such as: apramycin and amoxicillin can be compatible.

However, gentamicin cannot be compatible with penicillin.

2, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins can be compatible;

Such as: neomycin and cefadroxil compatible.

3, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol can not be compatible, because of the antagonistic effect between the two types of drugs;

Such as: gentamicin and chloramphenicol can not be compatible.

4, aminoglycosides and macrolides can be compatible;

Such as: amikacin and erythromycin can be compatible.

5, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines can be compatible;

Such as: apramycin and doxycycline can be compatible.

6, aminoglycosides and sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: Amikacin and TMP can be compatible.

Representative drugs:

1, apramycin

2, streptomycin

3, kanamycin

4, tobramycin

5, amikacin (butylamide kanamycin)

6, gentamicin (n-mycin)

7, sisomicin

8, Netilmicin

9, small nomistar (small betamycin, sagamycin )

10. Qingda- Smallinomycin (a by-product of the production of small noromycin )

11,

12,

13, astemin (asptomycin, wurumycin )

14, spectinomycin (spectinomycin, chlorivation )

15, neomycin

(4), macrolide antibiotics

Source: Macrolides are a class of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces or semi-synthetically produced containing a 14-16 linker lactone ring.

Principle of action: Macrolides act on the 50S subunit of ribosomes in bacterial cells, hindering the synthesis of bacterial proteins, mainly acting as a bacteriostatic agent. Macrolide antibiotics mainly act on Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria, and have a good effect on mycoplasma.

Compatibility:

1. Macrolides and aminoglycosides can be compatible;

Such as: tylosin and amikacin can be compatible.

2, macrolides and colistin can be compatible;

Such as: roxithromycin and colistin sulfate can be compatible.

3, macrolides and sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: tylosin and sulfamethazine can be compatible.

4, macrolides and penicillins can not be compatible;

Such as: erythromycin and amoxicillin can not be compatible.

5, macrolides and cephalosporins can not be compatible;

For example, acetylspiramycin and cefazolin are not compatible.

Representative drugs:

1, erythromycin

2, tylosin

3, relying on erythromycin (odorless erythromycin)

4, erythromycin ethyl erythromycin

5, clarithromycin (methylerythromycin)

6, Roxithromycin

7, oleandomycin

8, oleandomycin

10, medimycin ( methicin )

11.

12,

13, Josamycin

14, spiramycin

15,

16,

17, Aqi erythromycin

(5), tetracycline

Source: Tetracyclines are a class of basic antibiotics derived from Streptomyces or semi-synthetically derived with a tetracene core structure.

Principle of action: This type of antibiotic enters the bacterial cell and specifically binds to the ribosome 305 subunit, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to it, affecting the growth of the peptide chain to form a protein and inhibiting it. This class of drugs is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has effects on most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Mycoplasma, spirochetes, and Rickettsia.

Compatibility:

1, tetracyclines and penicillins can not be compatible;

Such as: tetracycline and penicillin can not be compatible.

2, tetracyclines and cephalosporins can not be compatible;

Such as: doxycycline and cephalexin can not be compatible.

3, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides can be compatible;

Such as: doxycycline and amikacin can be compatible.

4, tetracyclines and mycobacteria can be compatible;

Such as: oxytetracycline and colistin can be compatible.

5, tetracyclines and sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: oxytetracycline and TMP can be compatible.

6, tetracyclines can not be compatible with drugs containing zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum.

Representative drugs:

1. Tetracycline

2, oxytetracycline

3, doxycycline (doxycycline, deoxytetracycline )

4, minocycline (dimethylamine tetracycline)

5, chlortetracycline (chlorotetracycline)

(6), chloramphenicol

Source: This class of antibiotics is produced by streptomycin or synthetically.

Mechanism of action: This class of antibiotics interferes with the synthesis of microbial proteins and their antibacterial action. This type of antibiotic has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and is effective for most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia.

Compatibility:

1, chloramphenicol and penicillin can not be compatible;

Such as: chloramphenicol and penicillin can not be compatible.

2, chloramphenicol and cephalosporins can not be compatible;

Such as: chloramphenicol and cephalexin can not be compatible.

3, chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides can not be compatible;

Such as: streptomycin and chloramphenicol can not be compatible.

4, chloramphenicol and colistin can be compatible;

Such as: chloramphenicol and colistin can be compatible.

5, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: florfenicol and TMP can be compatible.

Representative drugs:

1, chloramphenicol

2, Thiamphenicol

3, florfenicol

(7) Lincomycin

Source: A class of basic antibiotics produced or semi-synthetically synthesized by streptomycin.

Compatibility:

1, lincomycin and penicillin can not be compatible;

Such as: lincomycin and amoxicillin can not be compatible.

2, lincomycin and cephalosporins can not be compatible;

For example, lincomycin and cephalexin are not compatible.

However: clindamycin and cefotaxime sodium can be compatible.

3, lincomycin and aminoglycoside can be compatible;

Such as: lincomycin and gentamicin can be compatible.

However: kanamycin and lincomycin are not compatible.

4, lincomycin and colistin can be compatible;

Such as: lincomycin and colistin can be compatible.

5, lincomycin and sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: lincomycin and TMP can be compatible.

Representative drugs:

1. Lincomycin ( Leadhin )

2, clindamycin (chloramphenicol, clindamycin)

(8) Other antibiotics

Colistin (polymyxin)

Source: This product is a basic peptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus polymyxa.

Role: works on most Gram-negative bacteria.

Compatibility:

1. Colistin and penicillin can be compatible;

Such as: colistin and amoxicillin can be compatible.

2, colistin and cephalosporin can be compatible;

For example, colistin and cefadroxil can be compatible.

3, colistin and chloramphenicol can be compatible;

Such as: colistin chloramphenicol can be compatible.

4, colistin and macrolides can be compatible;

Such as: colistin and erythromycin can be compatible.

5, colistin and tetracycline can be compatible;

Such as: colistin and doxycycline can be compatible.

6, colistin and sulfa drugs and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible;

Such as: colistin and TMP can be compatible.

Second, synthetic antibacterial drugs

Synthetic antibiotics are generally divided into three categories:

1, sulfonamides: Taiqijing , sulfaquinoxaline sodium, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, etc.;

2, Nitrofur (reading the same: Fu) verb (reading the same: male) categories: ç—¢ç‰¹çµ, furazolidone, etc.;

3, quinolones: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, sarafloxacin and so on.

(1) Sulfonamide

Principle of action:

Sulfonamides and bacteria synthesize dihydrofolate, which are essential for the molecular form of p-aminobenzoic acid, inhibit dihydrofolate synthetase and inhibit bacteria. Sulfonamide synergists act as inhibitors by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase.

Sulfonamides have an effect on most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Compatibility:

1, sulfa drugs can not be compatible with penicillin;

For example, sulfadiazine cannot be combined with ampicillin.

2, sulfa drugs can not be compatible with cephalosporins;

For example, sulfadiazine cannot be combined with cefadroxil.

However, TMP can be combined with cefadroxil.

3, sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible with aminoglycosides;

Such as: TMP can be compatible with neomycin.

4, sulfa drugs and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible with polymyxin;

Such as: TMP can be compatible with polymyxin.

5, sulfa drugs and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible with chloramphenicol;

Such as: TMP can be compatible with chloramphenicol.

6, sulfa drugs and sulfonamide synergists can be compatible with tetracyclines;

For example, sulfamethazine can be combined with doxycycline.

7. Sulfonamides and sulfonamide synergists can be combined with macrolides;

For example, sulfamethazine can be combined with tylosin.

8, sulfa drugs and sulfa drugs can be compatible; the effect of the additive effect.

For example, sulfadiazine can be combined with sulfamethoxazole.

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Roller Bearing

Roller bearing, one of the two members of the class of rolling, or so-called antifriction, bearings (the other member of the class is the Ball Bearing). Like a ball bearing, a roller bearing has two grooved tracks, or races, but the balls are replaced by rollers. The rollers may be cylinders or truncated cones. Only radial loads (i.e., loads perpendicular to the axis of rotation) can be carried when the rollers are cylindrical, but with conical rollers both radial and thrust, or axial, loads (i.e., ones parallel to the axis of rotation) can be carried. A needle bearing has cylindrical rollers that are relatively slender and completely fill the space between the races; in many cases the inner race is dispensed with. Because there is line contact between a roller and the races, while in a ball bearing there is point contact, in a given space a roller bearing can carry a greater radial load than a ball bearing.

Roller bearings are used in all main shaft and auxiliary drive shaft applications to support pure radial load, and allow for axial shaft elongation due to temperature changes with no additional load effect on the bearing. They are usually located at the ends of the turbine and compressor shafts and are often mounted in a housing, but separated from it by a layer of pressurized oil known as a squeeze film damper.

In many cases, instead of having a separate inner race for roller bearings, the [inner race" is an integral part of the shaft or stub shaft. This reduces complexity, weight, and build-up of concentricity tolerances. Overall, this is cost effective, but the cost of replacement or repair is likely to be higher than for separate inner races.

Roller Bearing,Self-Aligning Roller Bearing,Double Row Roller Bearing,Neddle Roller Bearing

Shijiazhuang Longshu Mechanical & Electrical Equipment Trading Co., Ltd. , https://www.longsbearings.com